How to Use Your Cram Activity Globe

Lesson 1 - The Horizon Ring

You can draw straight lines on the globe.  This is usually hard to do.  You can't use a ruler on a curved surface.  However, your globe sits in a cradle that has a ring around it.  This ring is the Horizon Ring. Because your globe sits halfway on this cradle, you can draw a straight line from one place to another. A straight line on a globe is important because it shows true direction.  The picture below shows how you can use the globe and the mounting to do this.
Step 1 Circle any two cities, say Chicago and Moscow.	Step 2 Place your left thumb on Chicago and your right on Moscow.
Step 3 Move the globe forward until Chicago and Moscow are even in the Horizon Ring.	Step 4 Draw a line, using the Horizon Ring as a straight edge connecting the two cities.

Distance on a Globe How far is it from Chicago, Illinois, to Moscow, Russia?  The answer to this depends upon how far you travel to get there.  Most long trips are now by airplane.  While you might have to vary your route, most air travel moves in straight lines. In this lesson we are interested in line straight-line distances.  We will study the shortest distances between places and measure that distance in miles.  Your globe and globe mounting can help us measure distance. Below is a picture of a part of the scale that appears on the Horizon Ring Mounting.  Look at your Horizon Ring globe mounting.  The inner ring is yellow and shows miles.  The red line is the starting point for this mileage scale.  It is divided into 1,000 mile sections.  Each section is further divided by 100-mile marks.  There is a darker mark at 500 miles.  The total amount of miles is shown in the lower right corner of each 1,000-mile section.

This is called a graphic scale.  You will use this graphic scale as you measure the straight-line distance between two locations on the globe.  The example used to get started is to find the great circle route between Chicago and Moscow. Circle Chicago, Illinois, and Moscow, Russia.  Place one of your thumbs on Chicago and the other on Moscow.  With your thumbs in this position, rotate the globe until both thumbs touch the Horizon Ring. Take your thumbs away.  Be sure the two cities line up with the ring. This is called the great circle route.

How to Use Your Cram Activity Globe
Lesson 2 - Distance (continued)

Measuring the Distance Turn the globe so Chicago is exactly over the red line on the Horizon Ring.  Rotate the globe until the line is exactly along the Horizon Ring.  Read the miles from the red line, around to your right until you reach the point where Moscow is located.  Your answer should be about 5,000 miles.  This is the approximate distance if you travel a straight line.  Any figure between 4,800 and 5,200 is acceptable.  Using this method, find the distance between the following pairs of cities:

1. San Francisco, California to New York, New York	_________________________________
2. New York, New York to Honolulu, Hawaii	_________________________________
3. Denver, Colorado to London, United Kingdom	_________________________________
4. Seattle, Washington to Tokyo, Japan	_________________________________
5. Chicago, Illinois to New Delhi, India	_________________________________

There are really six cardinal or main directions. Up and down are two main directions. Up is any direction away from the center of the Earth. Down is any direction toward the center of the Earth.

The four other cardinal directions are north, south, east and west. To learn about these four cardinal directions we need to study some basic facts about our planet Earth.

The Earth is a sphere, a round, solid body. (In fact, it's not quite round, but that only matters to scientists.) The Earth spins, or rotates, on an imaginary axis. This imaginary axis passes through the center of the Earth. It emerges from the Earth's surface at two opposite points. One of these points is called the North Pole. The other is the South Pole.

Find the Compass Rose at Latitude 30°N, 150°E. Find the Compass Rose at 40°S, 45°E.

The poles define two of the cardinal (major) directions, north and south. North is toward the North Pole. South is toward the South Pole.

The direction in which the Earth rotates defines the other cardinal directions, east and west. The Earth rotates from west to east. East is to the right as you face the North Pole. West is to your left as you face the North Pole.

True Directions

The globe has not distortion. It shows true direction. Place your globe in the clear view mounting as shown below, such that the North Pole is pointing to the ceiling.

On your globe find the Equator. Draw an arrow from the Equator almost all the way to the North Pole. Label this arrow north. Next draw an arrow from the Equator toward the South Pole. Label this direction south. As you look at the globe you will see other lines that run north and south are already drawn on the globe. These lines are called meridians or longitude. All meridians run from pole to pole. The Prime Meridian is a special line of longitude.

The Equator is the main east-west line on the globe. Turn the globe so that the North Pole is upward. East is to your right as you face the North Pole. West is to your left as you face the North Pole.

As you look at the globe you will see other lines that run east and west. East and west lines are called parallels of latitude.

With the North Pole pointing toward the ceiling, draw an arrow along the Equator that is toward your right. Label this arrow east. Draw another arrow to your left. Label this arrow west.

Use your globe to answer these questions:

1. Which continent is south of Europe?

_______ Africa _______ North America _______ Asia

2. Which ocean is east of Africa?

_______ Indian Ocean _______ Atlantic Ocean _______ Arctic Ocean

3. Which continents are south of the Equator?

_______ North America _______ Antarctica _______ Australia

4. Which ocean is north of Asia?

_______ Atlantic Ocean _______ Arctic Ocean _______ Indian Ocean

5. Which ocean is east of South America?

_______ Arctic Ocean _______ Atlantic Ocean _______ Pacific Ocean

Many maps and some globes have a direction indicator, or compass rose. A compass rose always shows one or more of the cardinal directions. A picture of a compass rose is shown below. Draw a compass rose on your globe where the Prime Meridian and Equator cross.

If you wish to travel true or absolute north or south you must travel along a line of longitude. This line of longitude is called a meridian. There are many meridians. Your globe shows only a few of them. The same is true about moving east and west. To travel due, or true, east or west you must travel along a line of latitude. A line of latitude is called a parallel. Your globe shows only a few parallels. Sometimes you must find directions that are between the cardinal directions. Let's use two examples.

1. Find Mexico City, in Mexico. Draw a straight line arrow from this city to New York City. This arrow points between what two cardinal directions?

________________________________ ________________________________

2. Find San Francisco, California. Use your Horizon Ring to draw a straight line to Hawaii. This arrow points between what two cardinal directions?

________________________________ ________________________________

*NOTE* Remember how to draw a straight line on a globe? Put your thumbs on each city. Turn the globe until your thumbs touch the Horizon ring. Draw a line between these two points.

When you are traveling in directions between north, south, east or west, you are traveling in an intermediate direction. When you drew an arrow from San Francisco to Hawaii, the arrow pointed both south and west. This direction is called southwest. When you drew and arrow from Mexico City to New York City, the arrow pointed north and east - or northeast.

When you name intermediate directions, you use north and south with either east or west to make one word. When describing an intermediate direction you always place north or south in front of east or west. You would NOT say that Hawaii is eastsouth of San Francisco. New York is NOT westnorth of Mexico City.

There are four intermediate directions, northeast, northwest, southeast, and southwest.

The picture below shows a compass rose with the intermediate direction labeled.

Intermediate Directions on the Globe

Use your globe and the Horizon Ring to draw a straight line between the cities mentioned. Write in the correct intermediate direction.

3. Mexico City is in a _________________________ direction from Bogota, Colombia (South America).

4. Kuwait (Arabian Peninsula) is in a ___________________ direction from the city of Moscow, Russia.

5. Anchorage, Alaska is in a ____________________ direction from Vancouver, Canada.

6. Sydney, Australia is in a _____________________________direction of Honolulu, Hawaii.

7. Find and circle Moscow, Russia. Draw a line that travels southeast of this city. If you traveled along this line, what large nation would you reach on the Indian Ocean?

_________________________________________

8. Find and circle Melbourne, Australia. Draw a line that travels southeast of this city. If you traveled along this line, what large nation would you first reach?

_________________________________________

9. Find and circle, Madrid, Spain. Draw a line that runs southwest from this city. If you travel away from Madrid on this line, what continent do you reach?

__________________________________________

Do you remember the starting point for latitude?  The Equator is zero (0) degrees. You measure latitude in degrees north and south from the equator.  There are 90° of latitude north and 90° of latitude south. North latitude ends at the North Pole. South latitude ends at the South Pole.  The North Pole is 90° north latitude.  The South Pole is 90° south latitude. Find the equator on your globe.  Mark 0 on this line.  Find the North Pole and mark 90 on or near this location.  Write 90 on or near the South Pole. Letter symbols indicate directions.  N stands for north, and S stands for south.  Find the 180th meridian on your globe  It is in the middle of the Pacific Ocean.  You will see that lines of latitude are numbered every 10° north and south from the equator.

How to Use Your Cram Activity Globe
Lesson 5 - Latitude (continued)

The starting point for longitude is the Prime Meridian.  This line is longitude zero (0°). Longitude measures east and west from this line. Longitude is measured in degrees.  There are 180° of longitude east and 180° of longitude west.  Mark the Prime Meridian with a 0.  Turn the globe halfway around.  Find the 180th meridian.  Halfway around a globe is 180°  Label this 180. Between the Prime Meridian and the International Date Line, there are 180° of west longitude and 180° of east longitude.  The globe shows a line of longitude every 15°.  The numbers identifying these lines appear on the equator.

How to Use Your Cram Activity Globe
Lesson 6 - Longitude (continued)

Your street name and house number furnish your absolute location.  Latitude and longitude provide absolute location for a place on the globe.  We can locate places on the globe by determining where lines on latitude and longitude cross. For instance, New Orleans, Louisiana is approximately 30°N (latitude) and 90°W (longitude).  Mark X on New Orleans on your globe. Absolute Location In the following activity, match the cities with the correct latitude and longitude.
1. San Francisco, California _____ 35°S, 56°W 2. Perth, Australia _____ 7°N, 80°E 3. Moscow, Russia _____ 56°N, 38°E 4. Colombo, Sri Lanka _____ 32°S, 116°E 5. Montevideo, Uruguay _____ 38°N, 122°W
Find and mark the following locations on your globe.  Write the item number where you find these latitudes and longitudes on the globe.  All These Locations are capitals of nations.
Item # Latitude Longitude Location Name 6. 42°N 13°E ____________________ 7. 59°N 18°E ____________________ 8. 16°S 48°W ____________________ 9. 39°N 77°W ____________________ 10. 40°N 116°E ____________________ 11. 34°S 18°E ____________________ 12. 29°N 77°E ____________________ 13. 19°N 99°W ____________________

How to Use Your Cram Activity Globe
Lesson 8 - Locating Places (continued)

Geographers divide the Earth into latitude zones. There are three latitude zones: - Low latitude zones - Middle latitude zones - High latitude zones

There are 90 degrees of latitude. Each zone of latitude is 30 degrees wide. The Equator is 0 degrees. 0 to 30 are low numbers, 30-60 are middle numbers, and 60 to 90 are high numbers. This chart shows the arrangement of the zones in the Northern Hemisphere.

Write in high, middle, and low latitude zones in the proper order in the Southern Hemisphere. Remember that the Equator is latitude 0 and the South Pole is latitude 90.

Find the 180th meridian on your globe. On this line you will find the numbers of the printed parallels. Find 30 and 60 degrees north latitude. Draw a line of dashes around your globe on these lines. Find 30 and 60 degrees south latitude. Draw a line of dashes on these lines. These parallels divide the latitude zones. Label the zones Low, Middle and High in both the Northern and Southern Hemisphere on your globe.
Finding Latitude Zones
4.	In the following exercise identify the latitude with the proper latitude zone. "L" stands for low latitudes. "M" stands for middle latitudes. "H" stands for high latitudes.

______ 35°N		______ 23°N		______ 86°N		______ 15°N
______ 66°N		______ 45°N		______ 28°N		______ 5°N

5.	In the following exercise, identify each city with the latitude zone where you find it. "L" stands for low latitudes. "M" stands for middle latitudes. "H" stands for high latitudes.

______ Cape Town, South Africa	______ Miami, Florida
______ Anchorage, Alaska	______ Cairo, Egypt
______ Buenos Aires, Argentina	______ Mexico City, Mexico
______ London, United Kingdom	______ Edmonton, Alberta
______ Chicago, Illinois	______ Honolulu, Hawaii
______ Kinshasa, Zaire	______ Sydney, Australia
______ Hanoi, Viet Nam	______ Tokyo, Japan

6.	Locate and name the only South American nation that is entirely in the Middle Latitudes.
	__________________________________
7.	Locate and name the only nation on the continent of Africa that is entirely within the Middle latitude zone.
	__________________________________

Day and Night

The Earth rotates, or spins, on its axis once every 24 hours. The sun is the Earth's only source of light. This spinning produces the pattern of day and night as different parts of the Earth are exposed to sunlight. The sun is always shining on one-half of the Earth. This is called daytime. The part of the Earth not facing the sun is in darkness, or nighttime.

On you globe draw an arrow along the line of dashes that represents the Arctic Circle. The arrow should start in Greenland and point toward Norway. Draw another arrow along the Arctic Circle, starting in Russia and pointing toward Alaska in the United States. These arrows show the direction that the Earth rotates, from west to east.

Midnight and Noon
Take the globe out of the Horizon Ring cradle. Set it where it will not roll around. On the Horizon Ring of your globe cradle find the red line. This is the Midnight Line. Find the exact opposite location on the ring. Draw a black line across the ring at this location. This is the Noon Line. Turn the Horizon Ring so the red line is toward you.

On the right side of the Horizon Ring draw a line halfway between the Noon Line and the Midnight line. This is the Dawn Line. On the left side of the Horizon Ring draw a line halfway between the Noon Line and the Midnight Line. This is the Dusk Line. Between the Dawn Line and the Noon line write Morning or AM on the Horizon Ring. Between the Noon Line and the Dusk Line write Afternoon or PM. Place the globe back in the Horizon Ring with the North Pole at the top, or pointing toward the ceiling. The arrows around the North Pole do not point the way the hands on the clock turn. They point counterclockwise. With the North Pole upwards, rotate the globe in this direction. The globe should rotate the opposite of clockwise. The Dawn Line shows where the Sun is coming up. The Dusk Line shows where the Sun is setting. The area between both of these lines that includes the red line (midnight) is away from the sunlight. This area is in the dark. It is nighttime there. You may wish to write night on this part of the ring. The area on the opposite side of the ring is in the sun lighted area - daytime. Continue the exercise with the North Pole upward, or pointing toward the ceiling. Rotate the globe in the cradle until meridian 105 W is directly over the Midnight (red) Line. Follow this meridian north. It is midnight in what city in the United States?      1.        ____________________________________________ Answer These Questions With the globe in this position, midnight at 105° W, answer the following questions.

2.	It is about noon in: ______ Toyko, Japan ______ Bombay, India ______ Paris, France.
3.	It is dark in: _____ Honolulu, Hawaii ______Moscow, Russia ______ Beijing, China.
4.	The sun has just come up in: ______ Madrid, Spain ______ Rome, Italy ______ London, United Kingdom.
5.	It is morning in: ______Ankara, Turkey ______ Perth, Australia ______ Los Angeles, California
6.	It is afternoon in: ______Tokyo, Japan ______Cairo, Egypt ______ New York, New York.
Rotate the globe in the correct direction until it is midnight in Hanoi, Vietnam. The Midnight Line should be very near meridian 105° E. be sure that the North Pole is on top, pointed toward the ceiling.
7.	About how many degrees did the Earth turn? ___________
8.	At the new position, the sun will set in a short time in: ______ Paris, France ______ Honolulu, Hawaii ______ Washington, DC
9.	Which of these cities experience sunrise when you rotate the globe? ______ San Francisco, California ______ Montreal, Canada ______ Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
10.	Which of these cities experienced sunset when you rotated the globe? ______ Miami, Florida ______ Buenos Aires, Argentina ______ Damascus, Syria

Figure 1	Figure 2

A.M. and P.M. Look at Figure 1 on the drawing above. This is a drawing of part of the scale that appears on the Horizon Ring Mounting of the globe. There is a heavily shaded line in this drawing. This line represents the red line you will find on the Horizon Ring Mounting. This red line represents midnight. Find and circle this red line on your globe mounting. To the right of the red line you can see the ring has been divided into one-hour sections. In each section there is small number, which shows the time of day in relation to midnight. On the ring of your globe, circle these small numbers from 1 to 12. All times listed from 1:00 to 12:00 are A.M. or before noon. Look now at Figure 2. This figure shows how the time is listed in the P.M. or afternoon. The number 13 means 1:00 PM or one o'clock in the afternoon. 14 would mean 2:00 P.M. continuing to 24, which is midnight. The red line is 24 hours or midnight. The armed forces and ships at sea use the 24-hour clock to avoid confusion and to eliminate the necessity for listing AM or PM. On the ring of your globe, circle the hours numbers 13 through 24. What To Do Next By using the standard meridians and the hour scale on the Horizon Ring we can establish global time. Here's how:

1.	Determine a line of longitude you want to use. Let's say the Prime Meridian is the line of longitude you will use. Draw a line along the Prime Meridian from the North Pole to the Equator.
2.	Determine what time it is at that line of longitude. Let's say it is 12:00 midnight at the Prime Meridian. Circle the red line, 12:00 midnight, on the Horizon Ring.
3.	Keep the globe in the Horizon Ring with the North Pole pointing toward the ceiling. Rotate the globe so the line drawn on the Prime Meridian is even with the circle you draw around 12:00 midnight on the horizon.

The Prime Meridian is even with the Midnight Line on the Horizon Ring

All the locations along the Prime Meridian are at midnight. Find the following locations and determine the time at each of them if it is midnight at the Prime Meridian.
1. _________ Philadelphia, Pennsylvania	4. _________ Kyoto, Japan
2. _________ Alexandria, Egypt	5. _________ London, United Kingdom
3. _________ Accra, Ghana	6. _________ Denver, Colorado
Use your globe to answer these questions. If it were 6:00 AM at the 75°W meridian lines, what time would it be in each location? Write the correct time in the blank next to each location.
A. __________ in Chicago at 90° W	E. __________ in Greenland at 45° W
B. __________ in Denver at 105° W	F. __________ in Azores at 30° W
C. __________ in Los Angeles at 120° W	G. __________ in Iceland at 15° W
D. __________ in Nova Scotia at 60° W	H. __________ in London at 0°

Some Review - Part A You will begin this lesson by reviewing the time scale that appears on the Horizon Ring. Find the red line on the ring. This is the midnight line (24). Noon is opposite midnight on the ring (12). Dawn, or sunrise, is halfway between midnight and noon (6). Dusk, or sunset, is halfway between noon and midnight (18).

This diagram looks down on the Horizon Ring (Or down on the North Pole of the Earth.) Just north of the Equator there are two arrows that show the direction of the Earth's rotation: 60°E and 105°W. Place the letter with the proper point in time. 1. ________ Sunrise 2. ________ Noon 3. ________ Sunset 4. Sunrise is _________° from midnight 5. Sunrise is _________° from midnight

The day and the date always change when midnight passes. This happens every 24 hours. Your location passes this point every night. Find your location on the globe and mark it with a dot. Draw a line from the North Pole, through your location, to the Equator. To do this, turn the globe so the poles are even with the Horizon Ring. Keep the poles in this position and turn the globe until your location is also even with the Horizon Ring. Draw a line to the Equator that begins at the North Pole. This line should pass through your location. Return your globe to a position where the Equator is even with the Horizon Ring, the North Pole pointing to the ceiling. Locate the line you drew. From this line draw an arrow that points in the direction the Earths turns. This arrow points in which direction?       6.     _____ East _____ West _____ South Find the red line on the Horizon Ring. This is midnight. Midnight is the point in time when the day and the date change. All hours and degrees begin on this red line. Turn the cradle around and find the hour section that has 12 in the lower right corner and 180° in the upper right corner. Draw a line across the Horizon Ring where it says 12. This tells you that this position is 12 hours and 180° around the ring from midnight. This is the noon line. The Sun is directly overhead here. Dawn, or sunrise, happens after noon and before midnight. Continue on around the Horizon Ring. Find the hour section that shows 90°. Draw a line across the Horizon Ring here. This is the dawn line. Sunset, or dusk happens after noon and before midnight. Continue on around the Horizon Ring. Find the line where sunset will take place. Draw a line for the dusk line on the Horizon Ring. On the left side of the red (midnight) line write Mon. This stands for Monday. On the right side of this line write Tues. for Tuesday. Turn the globe so the North Pole is pointing toward the ceiling. With the North Pole on top, rotate the globe to the line you drew through your location so that this location is a little to the left of the red (midnight) line.       7. Your location is in what day of the week? ____________________________ Rotate the globe to your right so your location passes the red (midnight) line. Looking down on the North Pole you turned the globe which direction?       8.     Clockwise ______ counterclockwise _______       9.     What day is your location now in? ____________________________ A place 90°E of you is experiencing Tuesday sunrise. The exact opposite side of the Earth from your location is experiencing Tuesday noon. A place 90°W of you is going through sunset. How can all of these people be in Tuesday? You know it isn't Tuesday all around the world because your Horizon Ring shows where it is still Monday. Where does Tuesday end? __________________________________________ The day not only changes at a point in time, midnight, but it also changes at a place on Earth. You will learn about that in part B. End Part A Part B - When the Day Changes A day actually begins, or is born, at a location on the Earth. A day is born and changes at the International Date Line. This is the line of longitude that runs from the North to the South Pole in the Pacific Ocean. It is 180° from the Prime Meridian or half the way around the world from it. A day begins on Earth when the International Date Line passes the time point of midnight. On your globe you will see this red line in the Pacific Ocean. This line is not straight but changes direction to keep parts of some nations in the same day. Note that the red lines show where the day and date change. There is one on the Horizon Ring at midnight. There is one on the globe at the International Date Line. Day and date change at these two points. Draw a straight line from the North Pole to the South Pole along this line. A straight line is necessary for this lesson. Note the word Sunday on the right, or east side, of the International Date Line. The word Monday appears on the west or left side. Place the globe in the cradle with the North Pole at the top. Rotate the globe so the 180th meridian is in line with the Midnight (red) Line. Now, both the point in time and place on Earth where the day changes are together. This is the actual beginning of a new day. At this one time, only, the entire Earth is experiencing the same day. With the globe in this position, it is Sunday all over the world. Your globe shows blue meridians every 15° east and west of the Prime Meridian. In addition to showing longitude, the spaces between each of these lines represent one hour of time. The numbers for these meridians are shown on the Equator. The number for the International Date Line is 180. Rotate the globe so one hour has passed. The meridian 165° E should be even with the Midnight (red) line. The new day, Monday, is now one hour old. It is 1:00 AM on the International Date Line - or one hour past mid-night Rotate the globe so it is noon on the International Date Line. You have rotated the globe 12 hours since midnight.      10.     What important meridian is experiencing midnight? _____________________________ What Day Is It? At this position, half of the Earth is in Sunday and half is experiencing Monday. Place a check beside the following locations that are experiencing Monday. 11. _____ San Francisco, California 12. _____ Sydney, Australia 13. _____ Capetown, South Africa 14. _____ Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 15. _____ Madrid, Spain 16. _____ Moscow, Russia Answer These Questions These three pictures show the Earth at three different time points. Answer the questions about each of these depictions. Use the globe to find the answers. 17. 18. 19. If it is 3:00 AM, Sunday at the International Date Line, what time and day is it at: If it is 12:00 Noon, Sunday at the International Date Line, what time and day is it at: If it is 10:00 PM, Sunday at the International Date Line, what time and day is it at: A. 75° W _____________________ B. 15° E _____________________ A. 75° W _____________________ B. 15° E _____________________ A. 75° W _____________________ B. 15° E _____________________ Set the globe for 8:00 AM Monday in Osaka, Japan or 135° E. With the globe at this time, write the approximate time and the day in the following places. 20. Anchorage, Alaska ___________________________ 22. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ___________________________ 21. San Francisco, California ___________________________ 23. Alexandria, Egypt ___________________________ A Quiz 24. The "Other Day" part of the world is Tuesday, June 23rd. What day and date is the rest of the world experiencing? __________________________________________ 25. If most of the world is experiencing Monday, July 29th, what is the day and date in the area of the "Other Day"? ___________________________________________

The Earth revolves around the Sun in what is called an orbit (circle). As the Earth moves around the Sun, it is inclined, or tilted, 23½° from the perpendicular. The Earth's revolution and inclination are what cause the changing seasons. The illustration above shows the Earth's orbit around the Sun. Note that the Earth is not straight up and down. The Earth is inclined 23½°. The arrows extending from the Sun to the Earth represent where the direct rays of the Sun are striking the Earth on the first day of each season. Finding the Sun Lines There are five special lines of latitude on the globe. One of these lines is the Equator. Locate the Equator on your globe. In the drawing the direct rays of the Sun are striking the Equator on what two days? These days are the start of which seasons on the Northern Hemisphere? 1. Day __________ Season ____________ 2. Day __________ Season ____________ The arrow that points at June 21st is pointing to a line of dashes north of the Equator. On December 22nd, the arrow is pointing at a line of dashes south of the Equator. Find and identify these lines on your globe. Write the names of these Sun lines on the space provided. 3. June 21st ______________________ 4. December 22nd ______________________ There are two more lines that are made of dashes on the globe. Find these on the globe. List the names of these lines according to location.      5. ____________________________________ is 23½° south of the North Pole      6. ____________________________________ is 23½° north of the South Pole All of these lines are the same number of degrees from either the Equator or one of the poles. This relates to 23½° tilt of the Earth. Opposite Season When it is winter in the Northern Hemisphere it is summer in the Southern Hemisphere. The seasons are exactly the opposite. Look at the drawing again. On June 21st, the Arctic Circle is tilted toward the Sun. This is the first day of summer in the Northern Hemisphere. The Antarctic Circle is tilted away from the Sun. This is the first day of winter in the Southern Hemisphere. Check the answer:      7. On December 27th, the Arctic Circle is tilted _____ toward _____ away from the Sun.      8. December 22nd is the first day of _____ summer _____ winter in the Southern Hemisphere.      9. What is the first day of fall in the Southern Hemisphere? ____________________________

This picture shows the approximate hours of sunlight on the first day of summer in the Northern Hemisphere. This is called North Summer Solstice. The first day of summer is June 22nd in the Northern Hemisphere. On that day the North Polar Region is tilted toward the sun. It is the first day of the winter in the Southern Hemisphere. When the Sun shines on a place it heats that place. When it rotates around to nighttime, it cools. On June 22, the Northern Hemisphere spends more time in daylight and less time cooling at night. In the summer, direct Sun rays are providing more heat. As a result, it gets warmer as the summer continues. Meanwhile, the people in the Southern Hemisphere are having shorter daylight hours. It is winter for them. The Earth's surface there is cooler. Take your globe out of the Horizon Ring. Write the approximate number of daylight hours at these latitudes: between 50°N and 60°N - 18, between 40° N and 50° N - 15, on the Equator - 12, between 30° S and 40° S - 10 and, between 40° S and 30° S - 8. Arrange the following places in the order of how much daylight they are receiving on June 22nd. Place the number 1 with the place having the longest daylight hours. Place a 2 with the place having the next longest daylight period. Continue on through 10, the place receiving the least daylight at this time. _____ Antananarivo, Madagascar _____ Newcastle, Australia _____ Houston, Texas _____ Madrid, Spain _____ Wellington, New Zealand _____ Hanoi, Vietnam _____ Stockholm, Sweden _____ Vancouver, Canada _____ Addis Abba, Ethiopia _____ Lima, Peru The way to find the location of the direct Sun rays is to use the Analemma. On your globe you can find the Analemma in the Pacific Ocean. The w ord Analemma is taken from the ancient Greek word for Sun Dial. You can say the Analemma is a kind of sundial. The Analemma tells us the position of the Sun's direct rays at different times of the year. The Analemma has a calendar where months and days of the years are printed. This calendar tells us where the direct rays of the Sun are striking the Earth on any day of the year. 1. The analemma extends between what two important Sun lines on the globe? (lines of dashes) ___________________________ & ______________________________ 2. Which months are the top and bottom ends of the Analemma? _____________________ & ______________________________ Places located between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn receive the Sun's direct rays twice a year. For example, find 20°N latitude line on the globe. Look at the Analemma calendar. The direct rays strike the Earth at 20°N on July 23 and May 22. Find and write the two days that the Sun is directly overhead in the following locations. 3.    Havana, Cuba, 23° N? a. ____________________ b. ____________________ 4.    Quito, Ecuador, 0° N? a. ____________________ b. ____________________ 5.    Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 23° S? a. ____________________ b. ____________________