Lesson 1 - The Horizon Ring
How to Use Your Cram Activity Globe
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You can draw straight lines on the globe.
This is usually hard to do.
You can't use a ruler on a curved surface.
However, your globe sits in a cradle that has a ring around it.
This ring is the Horizon Ring.
Because your globe sits halfway on this cradle, you can draw a straight line from one place to another. A straight line on a globe is important because it shows true direction. The picture below shows how you can use the globe and the mounting to do this.
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Circle any two cities, say Chicago and Moscow.
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Place your left thumb on Chicago and your right on Moscow.
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Move the globe forward until Chicago and Moscow are even in the Horizon Ring.
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Draw a line, using the Horizon Ring as a straight edge connecting the two cities.
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How to Use Your Cram Activity Globe
Lesson 2 - Distance
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Distance on a Globe How far is it from Chicago, Illinois, to Moscow, Russia? The answer to this depends upon how far you travel to get there. Most long trips are now by airplane. While you might have to vary your route, most air travel moves in straight lines. In this lesson we are interested in line straight-line distances. We will study the shortest distances between places and measure that distance in miles. Your globe and globe mounting can help us measure distance.
Below is a picture of a part of the scale that appears on the Horizon Ring Mounting.
Look at your Horizon Ring globe mounting.
The inner ring is yellow and shows miles.
The red line is the starting point for this mileage scale.
It is divided into 1,000 mile sections.
Each section is further divided by 100-mile marks.
There is a darker mark at 500 miles.
The total amount of miles is shown in the lower right corner of each 1,000-mile section. |
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This is called a graphic scale.
You will use this graphic scale as you measure the straight-line distance between two locations on the globe.
The example used to get started is to find the great circle route between Chicago and Moscow. Circle Chicago, Illinois, and Moscow, Russia. Place one of your thumbs on Chicago and the other on Moscow. With your thumbs in this position, rotate the globe until both thumbs touch the Horizon Ring. Take your thumbs away. Be sure the two cities line up with the ring. This is called the great circle route. |
How to Use Your Cram Activity Globe
Lesson 2 - Distance (continued)
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Turn the globe so Chicago is exactly over the red line on the Horizon Ring. Rotate the globe until the line is exactly along the Horizon Ring. Read the miles from the red line, around to your right until you reach the point where Moscow is located. Your answer should be about 5,000 miles. This is the approximate distance if you travel a straight line. Any figure between 4,800 and 5,200 is acceptable. Using this method, find the distance between the following pairs of cities:
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| 1. San Francisco, California to New York, New York |
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| 2. New York, New York to Honolulu, Hawaii |
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| 3. Denver, Colorado to London, United Kingdom |
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| 4. Seattle, Washington to Tokyo, Japan |
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| 5. Chicago, Illinois to New Delhi, India |
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How to Use Your Cram Activity Globe
Lesson 3 - Cardinal Directions
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There are really six cardinal or main directions.
Up and down are two main directions.
Up is any direction away from the center of the Earth.
Down is any direction toward the center of the Earth.
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The four other cardinal directions are north, south, east and west.
To learn about these four cardinal directions we need to study some basic facts about our planet Earth.
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The Earth is a sphere, a round, solid body.
(In fact, it's not quite round, but that only matters to scientists.)
The Earth spins, or rotates, on an imaginary axis.
This imaginary axis passes through the center of the Earth.
It emerges from the Earth's surface at two opposite points.
One of these points is called the North Pole. The other is the South Pole.
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Find the Compass Rose at Latitude 30°N, 150°E.
Find the Compass Rose at 40°S, 45°E.
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The poles define two of the cardinal (major) directions, north and south.
North is toward the North Pole. South is toward the South Pole.
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The direction in which the Earth rotates defines the other cardinal directions, east and west.
The Earth rotates from west to east.
East is to the right as you face the North Pole.
West is to your left as you face the North Pole.
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True Directions
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The globe has not distortion.
It shows true direction.
Place your globe in the clear view mounting as shown below, such that the North Pole is pointing to the ceiling.
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On your globe find the Equator.
Draw an arrow from the Equator almost all the way to the North Pole.
Label this arrow north.
Next draw an arrow from the Equator toward the South Pole.
Label this direction south.
As you look at the globe you will see other lines that run north and south are already drawn on the globe.
These lines are called meridians or longitude.
All meridians run from pole to pole.
The Prime Meridian is a special line of longitude.
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The Equator is the main east-west line on the globe.
Turn the globe so that the North Pole is upward.
East is to your right as you face the North Pole.
West is to your left as you face the North Pole.
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As you look at the globe you will see other lines that run east and west.
East and west lines are called parallels of latitude.
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With the North Pole pointing toward the ceiling, draw an arrow along the Equator that is toward your right.
Label this arrow east.
Draw another arrow to your left.
Label this arrow west.
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Use your globe to answer these questions:
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| 1. Which continent is south of Europe? |
| _______ Africa _______ North America _______ Asia |
| 2. Which ocean is east of Africa? |
| _______ Indian Ocean _______ Atlantic Ocean _______ Arctic Ocean |
| 3. Which continents are south of the Equator? |
| _______ North America _______ Antarctica _______ Australia |
| 4. Which ocean is north of Asia? |
| _______ Atlantic Ocean _______ Arctic Ocean _______ Indian Ocean |
| 5. Which ocean is east of South America? |
| _______ Arctic Ocean _______ Atlantic Ocean _______ Pacific Ocean |
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How to Use Your Cram Activity Globe
Lesson 4 - Intermediate Directions
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Many maps and some globes have a direction indicator, or compass rose.
A compass rose always shows one or more of the cardinal directions.
A picture of a compass rose is shown below.
Draw a compass rose on your globe where the Prime Meridian and Equator cross.
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If you wish to travel true or absolute north or south you must travel along a line of longitude.
This line of longitude is called a meridian.
There are many meridians.
Your globe shows only a few of them.
The same is true about moving east and west.
To travel due, or true, east or west you must travel along a line of latitude.
A line of latitude is called a parallel. Your globe shows only a few parallels.
Sometimes you must find directions that are between the cardinal directions.
Let's use two examples.
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1. Find Mexico City, in Mexico. Draw a straight line arrow from this city to New York City.
This arrow points between what two cardinal directions?
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________________________________ ________________________________
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2. Find San Francisco, California.
Use your Horizon Ring to draw a straight line to Hawaii.
This arrow points between what two cardinal directions?
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________________________________ ________________________________
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*NOTE* Remember how to draw a straight line on a globe?
Put your thumbs on each city.
Turn the globe until your thumbs touch the Horizon ring.
Draw a line between these two points.
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When you are traveling in directions between north, south, east or west, you are traveling in an intermediate direction.
When you drew an arrow from San Francisco to Hawaii, the arrow pointed both south and west.
This direction is called southwest.
When you drew and arrow from Mexico City to New York City, the arrow pointed north and east - or northeast.
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When you name intermediate directions, you use north and south with either east or west to make one word.
When describing an intermediate direction you always place north or south in front of east or west.
You would NOT say that Hawaii is eastsouth of San Francisco.
New York is NOT westnorth of Mexico City.
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There are four intermediate directions, northeast, northwest, southeast, and southwest.
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The picture below shows a compass rose with the intermediate direction labeled.
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Intermediate Directions on the Globe
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Use your globe and the Horizon Ring to draw a straight line between the cities mentioned.
Write in the correct intermediate direction.
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3. Mexico City is in a _________________________ direction from Bogota, Colombia (South America).
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4. Kuwait (Arabian Peninsula) is in a ___________________ direction from the city of Moscow, Russia.
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5. Anchorage, Alaska is in a ____________________ direction from Vancouver, Canada.
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6. Sydney, Australia is in a _____________________________direction of Honolulu, Hawaii.
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7. Find and circle Moscow, Russia. Draw a line that travels southeast of this city.
If you traveled along this line, what large nation would you reach on the Indian Ocean?
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_________________________________________
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8. Find and circle Melbourne, Australia. Draw a line that travels southeast of this city.
If you traveled along this line, what large nation would you first reach?
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_________________________________________
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9. Find and circle, Madrid, Spain.
Draw a line that runs southwest from this city.
If you travel away from Madrid on this line, what continent do you reach?
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__________________________________________
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How to Use Your Cram Activity Globe
Lesson 5 - Latitude
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Do you remember the starting point for latitude?
The Equator is zero (0) degrees.
You measure latitude in degrees north and south from the equator.
There are 90° of latitude north and 90° of latitude south. North latitude ends at the North Pole. South latitude ends at the South Pole. The North Pole is 90° north latitude. The South Pole is 90° south latitude.
Find the equator on your globe.
Mark 0 on this line.
Find the North Pole and mark 90 on or near this location.
Write 90 on or near the South Pole. |
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3. Put a mark in the space if the latitude line 40°N passes through any of these places. |
| ____Spain | ____Africa | ____Colorado | ____China |
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| ____Guatemala | ____Australia | ____Miami, FL | ____Japan |
How to Use Your Cram Activity Globe
Lesson 5 - Latitude (continued)
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Every line of latitude is not shown.
If you wish to find 35°N, you should look halfway between 30°N and 40°N.
In the south latitudes, you would look for 55°S between 50°S and 60°S.
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Use the following clues and latitudes to identify certain cities on the continent of Africa. Mark on the globe each city with the number of the corresponding question.
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Lesson 6 - Longitude
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The starting point for longitude is the Prime Meridian.
This line is longitude zero (0°).
Longitude measures east and west from this line.
Longitude is measured in degrees.
There are 180° of longitude east and 180° of longitude west.
Mark the Prime Meridian with a 0.
Turn the globe halfway around.
Find the 180th meridian.
Halfway around a globe is 180°
Label this 180.
Between the Prime Meridian and the International Date Line, there are 180° of west longitude and 180° of east longitude. The globe shows a line of longitude every 15°. The numbers identifying these lines appear on the equator. |
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The directions west and east are shown with letter symbols. W stands for west longitude. E stands for east longitude. Use your globe to help you answer these questions. Find the number 0 where the Prime Meridian and the Equator meet. Draw an arrow left (west) to 15°W. Draw another arrow east (left) to 15°E. 1. The symbol 75°W is located in what continent?__________________ 2. The symbol 75°E is located in what ocean?__________________
3. Longitude line 75°W passes through which of these places? |
| ____Caribbean Sea | ____South America | ____Canada |
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| ____Indian Ocean | ____Australia | ____Greenland |
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| ____Indonesia | ____India | ____Saudi Arabia |
How to Use Your Cram Activity Globe
Lesson 6 - Longitude (continued)
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The globe does not show every line of longitude.
There are 360° where a line of longitude could be shown.
If we drew every possible line of longitude, the globe would be covered with lines and nothing else.
We show only 24 lines of longitude. If you wish to find other degrees, you must estimate the lines between the printed ones. For instance, if you wish to find 37°W, you must look about halfway between 30°W and 45°W. Make a mark where you think these places are located along the equator: 38°E, 100°W, 65°E, 20°E.
Use the meridian numbers along the Equator to match the following cities to the correct longitudes.
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Use the following clues and longitudes to locate these cities. Mark each city with the number of the corresponding question on the globe.
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Lesson 7 - Parallels and Meridians
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Parallels Are Lines of Latitude Parallels are another name for lines of latitude. You will see that these lines do not converge, or come together, anywhere on the globe. We call these parallels because they are always an equal distance apart. The first parallel is the equator. It is latitude 0°. Latitude measures distance north and south from the Equator. Parallels are lines that circle the globe. Name five parallels that have names on your globe. Four are designated with broken lines, one divides the globe in half.
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Meridians Are Lines of Longitude Meridians are another name for lines of longitude. These lines are drawn on maps and globes so that people can locate places. Meridians are lines that run from the North Pole to the South Pole. Meridians are not parallel. They converge or come together at the Poles. They number from the Prime Meridian (line 0°) to 180°W and from the Prime Meridian to 180°E. 6. There are 360° around the Earth. The lines on your globe are shown every 15°. How many meridians are shown on the globe? 7. Find the following meridians on your globe: 15°W, 0°, 15°E, 30°E, 45°E. Through which two continents do all of these meridians pass?
8. With your marker, trace over the meridian 105°W in the area of the United States. Through which five states does this line pass?
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Lesson 8 - Locating Places
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Your street name and house number furnish your absolute location.
Latitude and longitude provide absolute location for a place on the globe.
We can locate places on the globe by determining where lines on latitude and longitude cross. For instance, New Orleans, Louisiana is approximately 30°N (latitude) and 90°W (longitude). Mark X on New Orleans on your globe. Absolute Location In the following activity, match the cities with the correct latitude and longitude. |
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How to Use Your Cram Activity Globe
Lesson 8 - Locating Places (continued)
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Have the students write a sentence describing the absolute location of a place. For example, "Rome, Italy" is located forty-two degrees north of the Equator and thirteen degrees east of the Prime Meridian. Key descriptive phrases are provided after each question.
15. Brasilia, Brazil - 16°S, 48°W
16. Washington, D.C. - 39°N, 77°W
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Answers for Developing Globe Skills Lessons
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Lesson 1 - The Horizon Ring
Lesson 2 - Distance
Lesson 3 - Cardinal Direction
Lesson 4 - Intermediate Directions
Lesson 5 - Latitude
Lesson 6 - Longitude
Lesson 7 - Parallels and Meridians
Lesson 8 - Locating Places
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